• Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison
• Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Lyrics
• Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Inmate
• Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Break
• Folsom State Prison Johnny Cash
• Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Roster
• The Clash Debut Album

50 years later, 'At Folsom Prison' is still the definitive Johnny Cash album. Johnny Cash's seminal 1968 album 'At Folsom Prison' was released 50 years ago this month, which he recorded live for. I’m Johnny Cash.’” Cash played a full set, opening with “Folsom Prison Blues” and finishing with “Greystone Chapel,” a song written by Folsom inmate Glen Sherley and given to Cash a day before the concert. “Inside the walls of prison, my body may be,” it began, “But the Lord has set my soul free.”.

At Folsom Prison is a live album by Johnny Cash, released on Columbia Records in May 1968. After his 1955 song 'Folsom Prison Blues', Cash had been interested in recording a performance at a prison. His idea was put on hold until 1967, when personnel changes at Columbia Records put Bob Johnston in charge of producing Cash's material. Cash had recently controlled his drug abuse problems, and was looking to turn his career around after several years of limited commercial success. Backed by June Carter, Carl Perkins and the Tennessee Three, Cash performed two shows at Folsom State Prison in California on January 13, 1968. The album consists of fifteen tracks from the first show and two tracks from the second.

Despite little initial investment by Columbia, At Folsom Prison was a hit in the United States, reaching number one on the country charts and the top 15 of the national album chart. The lead single, a live version of 'Folsom Prison Blues', was a top 40 hit, Cash's first since 1964's 'Understand Your Man'. At Folsom Prison received positive reviews and revitalized Cash's career, becoming the first in a series of live albums recorded at prisons that includes 'At San Quentin' (1969), 'På Österåker' (1973), and 'A Concert Behind Prison Walls' (1976). The album was rereleased with additional tracks in 1999, a three-disc set in 2008, and a five LP box set with bonus rehearsals in 2018 for Record Store Day. It was certified triple platinum in 2003 for US sales exceeding three million.

• 4Track listing
• 6Charts

Background[edit]

Johnny Cash became interested in Folsom State Prison, California, while serving in the United States Air Force Security Service. In 1953, his unit watched Crane Wilbur's 1951 film Inside the Walls of Folsom Prison. The film inspired Cash to write a song that reflected his perception of prison life.^[1] The result was 'Folsom Prison Blues', Cash's second single on Sun Records. The song became popular among inmates, who would write to Cash, requesting him to perform at their prisons.^[2] Cash's first prison performance was at Huntsville State Prison in 1957.^[3] Satisfied by the favorable reception, he performed at several other prisons in the years leading up to the Folsom performance in 1968.^[3]

A few years after attaining commercial success from songs such as 'I Walk the Line', 'Understand Your Man', and 'Ring of Fire', Cash's popularity waned. This was due in part to his increasing dependence on drugs.^[4] In 1967, Cash sought help for his escalating drug problems; by the end of the year, his drug use decreased and he sought to turn his career around.^[5] Concurrently, the country portion of Columbia Records underwent major personnel changes. Frank Jones and Don Law, who had produced several of Cash's albums, were ousted in favor of Bob Johnston, who was known for his erratic behavior and willingness to disagree with studio executives.^[6] Cash saw this as an opportunity to pitch his idea of recording a live album at a prison; Johnston enthusiastically supported the concept.^[7] Johnston called San Quentin State Prison and Folsom, with Folsom being the first to respond.^[8]

Recording[edit]

On January 10, 1968, Cash and June Carter checked into the El Rancho Motel in Sacramento, California. They were later accompanied by the Tennessee Three, Carl Perkins, The Statler Brothers, Johnny's father Ray Cash, Reverend Floyd Gressett, pastor of Avenue Community Church in Ventura, California (where Cash often attended services), who counseled inmates at Folsom and helped facilitate the concert, and producer Johnston. The performers rehearsed for two days, an uncommon occurrence for them, sometimes with two or more songs rehearsed concurrently by various combinations of musicians.^[9] During the rehearsal sessions on January 12, California governor Ronald Reagan, who was at the hotel for an after-dinner speech, visited the band and offered his encouragement.^[10] One focus of the sessions was to learn 'Greystone Chapel', a song written by inmate Glen Sherley. Sherley recorded a version of the song, which he passed on to Rev. Gressett via the prison's recreation director.^[11][12] On January 13, the group traveled to Folsom, meeting Los Angeles Times writer Robert Hilburn and Columbia photographer Jim Marshall, who were hired to document the album for the liner notes.^[13]

Cash decided to hold two performances on January 13, one at 9:40 AM and one at 12:40 PM, in case the first performance was unsatisfactory.^[14] After an introduction by MCHugh Cherry, who encouraged the prisoners to 'respond' to Cash's performance, Carl Perkins took the stage and performed his hit song 'Blue Suede Shoes'.^[15] Following this song, the Statler Brothers sang their hit 'Flowers on the Wall' and the country standard 'This Old House'.^[16] Cherry returned to the stage and instructed the inmates not to cheer for Cash until he introduced himself; they obliged.^[2]

Cash opened both shows with a rendition of 'Folsom Prison Blues', followed by many songs about prison, including 'The Wall', 'Green, Green Grass of Home', and the gallows humor song '25 Minutes to Go'. Cash also included other songs of despair, such as the Merle Travis song 'Dark as a Dungeon'. Following 'Orange Blossom Special', Cash included a few 'slow, ballad-type songs', including 'Send a Picture of Mother' and 'The Long Black Veil', followed by three novelty songs from his album Everybody Loves A Nut: 'Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog', 'Flushed from the Bathroom of Your Heart', and 'Joe Bean'.^[17]June Carter joined Cash to perform a pair of duets. After a seven-minute version of a song from his Blood, Sweat and Tears album, 'The Legend of John Henry's Hammer', Cash took a break and Carter recited a poem.^[17] Cash ended both concerts with Sherley's 'Greystone Chapel'. The second concert was not as fruitful as the first; the musicians were fatigued from the earlier show.^[18] Only two songs from the second concert, 'Give My Love to Rose' and 'I Got Stripes,' made it onto the LP release.

• 'Folsom Prison Blues'
• 'Busted'
• 'Dark as a Dungeon'
• 'I Still Miss Someone'
• 'Cocaine Blues'
• '25 Minutes to Go'
• 'I'm Not in Your Town to Stay'
• 'Orange Blossom Special'
• 'The Long Black Veil'
• 'Send a Picture of Mother'
• 'The Wall'
• 'Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog'
• 'Flushed From The Bathroom of Your Heart'
• 'Joe Bean'
• 'Jackson'
• 'I Got a Woman'
• 'The Legend of John Henry's Hammer'
• 'Green, Green Grass of Home'
• 'Greystone Chapel'

• 'Folsom Prison Blues'
• 'Busted'
• 'Dark as a Dungeon'
• 'Cocaine Blues'
• '25 Minutes to Go'
• 'Orange Blossom Special'
• 'The Legend of John Henry's Hammer'
• 'Give My Love to Rose'
• 'Dirty Old Egg-Sucking Dog'
• 'Flushed From The Bathroom of Your Heart'
• 'Joe Bean'
• 'Jackson'
• 'Long Legged Guitar Picking Man'
• 'I Got Stripes'
• 'Green, Green Grass of Home
• 'Greystone Chapel'
• 'Greystone Chapel' (repeat)

Reception and impact[edit]

The album release of At Folsom Prison was prepared in four months. Despite the recent success of 'Rosanna's Going Wild', a Cash single released just before the Folsom concerts that reached number two on the country charts, Columbia initially invested little in the album or its single 'Folsom Prison Blues'. This was due partially to Columbia's efforts to promote pop stars instead of country artists.^[24][25] Nevertheless, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 on May 25, 1968; it also hit the country charts a week later.^[26][27] The single suffered a setback, however, when Sirhan SirhanassassinatedSenator Robert F. Kennedy on June 5, 1968. Radio stations ceased playing the single due to the macabre line: 'I shot a man in Reno/Just to watch him die'. Reeling in the success prior to the assassination, Columbia demanded Johnston remix the single with the line removed. Despite protests from Cash, the single was edited and re-released. The new version became a success, reaching number one on the country charts and the top forty on the national charts.^[28] The single prompted the album to climb the album charts, eventually reaching number one on the Top Country Albums chart and number thirteen on the Pop Albums chart—the forerunner to the Billboard 200.^[29] By August 1968, Folsom had shipped over 300,000 copies; two months later it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping over 500,000.^[30][31]

At Folsom Prison received rave reviews. Al Aronowitz of Life stated Cash sang the songs like 'someone who has grown up believing he is one of the people that these songs are about.'^[32] For The Village Voice, Ann Fisher wrote that 'every cut is special in its own way' and Richard Goldstein noted the album was 'filled with the kind of emotionalism you seldom find in rock.'^[33][34] Fredrick E. Danker of Sing Out! praised At Folsom Prison as 'an album structured an aural experience for us.'^[35]

Johnny Cash At Folsom Prison

The success of At Folsom Prison revitalized Cash's career; according to Cash, 'that's where things really got started for me again'.^[4]Sun Records re-dubbed Cash's previous B-side 'Get Rhythm' with applause similar to Folsom's, and it became successful enough to enter the Hot 100.^[36] Cash returned to the prison scene in 1969 when he recorded At San Quentin at San Quentin State Prison. At San Quentin became Cash's first album to hit number one on the Pop chart and produced the number two hit 'A Boy Named Sue'. The ensuing popularity from the Folsom concert also prompted ABC to give Cash his own television show.^[37]

The album was re-released on October 19, 1999 with three extra tracks excluded from the original LP: 'Busted', 'Joe Bean', and 'The Legend of John Henry's Hammer'. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the new version, calling it 'the ideal blend of mythmaking and gritty reality.'^[38] On May 27, 2003, At Folsom Prison was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for shipping over three million units.^[31] Since its release, it has been acknowledged as one of the greatest albums of all time by several sources. In 2003, the album was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list.^[39] Also in 2003, it was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry.^[40]Country Music Television named it the third greatest album in country music in 2006.^[41]Blender listed the album as the 63rd greatest American album of all time and as one of the '500 CDs You Must Own'.^[42][43] In 2006, Time listed it among the 100 greatest albums of all time.^[44] The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.^[45]

In 2008, Columbia and Legacy Records re-issued At Folsom Prison as a two CD, one DVD set. This so-called 'Legacy Edition' contained both concerts uncut and remastered. The included DVD, produced by Bestor Cram and Michael Streissguth of Northern Light Productions, featured pictures and interviews relevant to the concert. Pitchfork Media lauded the collection, claiming that it had 'the force of empathic endeavors, as if he were doing penance for his notorious bad habits.'^[46] Christian Hoard wrote for Rolling Stone that the Legacy edition 'makes for an excellent historical document, highlighting Cash's rapport with prison folk.'^[47]

Track listing[edit]

Re-release (1999)[edit]

Legacy Edition (2008)[edit]

Personnel[edit]

• Johnny Cash – vocals, guitar, harmonica
• June Carter – vocal
• Marshall Grant – bass guitar
• W.S. Holland – drums
• Carl Perkins – electric guitar, vocals on track 2.
• Luther Perkins – electric guitar
• The Statler Brothers (Lew DeWitt, Don Reid, Harold Reid, Phil Balsley) – vocals
• Bob Johnston – producer
• Bob Breault – engineer
• Bill Britain – engineer
• Jim Marshall – photography

Credited on 1999 re-issue

• Bob Irwin – producer
• Steven Berkowitz – producer, A&R
• Vic Aneseni – mixing
• Howard Fritzson – art direction
• Darcy Proper – mastering
• Frank Tozour – PQ editing
• John Henry Jackson – product manager
• Randall Martin – packaging manager
• Darren Salmieri – A&R
• Tim Smith – A&R
• Nick Shaffran – consultant

Charts[edit]

Certifications[edit]

Citations[edit]

1. ^Pond, Steve (December 10, 1992). 'Johnny Cash'. Rolling Stone.
2. ^ ^abSimmons, Sylvia (January 2003). 'Outta My Way'. Mojo.
3. ^ ^abJohnny Cash (1975). Man In Black. Warner Books. p. 110. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
4. ^ ^abHilburn, Robert (March 1, 1973). 'Nothing Can Take The Place of the Human Heart: A Conversation with Johnny Cash'. Rolling Stone.
5. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 37
6. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 59
7. ^Cash, Johnny. At Folsom Prison liner notes. Columbia Records, CS–9639, 1968.
8. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 61
9. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 65
10. ^Govoni 1970, pp. 29–30
11. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 66
12. ^Beley, Gene (Winter 2005). 'Folsom Prison Blues'. Virginia Quarterly Review. pp. 218–227. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
13. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 69
14. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 63
15. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 80
16. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 88
17. ^ ^abStreissguth 2004, p. 108
18. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 100
19. ^'At Folsom Prison - Johnny Cash'. AllMusic.
20. ^Deusner, Stephen M. 'Johnny Cash: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: Legacy Edition Album Review'. pitchfork.com. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
21. ^'Johnny Cash: At Folsom Prison Legacy Edition'. popmatters.com.
22. ^'At Folsom Prison: Legacy Edition : Johnny Cash : Review : Rolling Stone'. archive.org. April 21, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2009.
23. ^Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian David (2004). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon and Schuster. p. 145. ISBN9780743201698.
24. ^'Hot Country Singles'. Billboard. January 27, 1968.
25. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 127, 132
26. ^'The Hot 100'. Billboard. May 25, 1968.
27. ^'Hot Country Singles'. Billboard. June 1, 1968.
28. ^Streissguth 2004, pp. 137–8
29. ^ ^abc'At Folsom Prison (1999 Expanded Edition) > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums'. AllMusic. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
30. ^Streissguth 2004, p. 142
31. ^ ^ab'RIAA — Gold & Platinum Searchable Database'. Recording Industry Association of America. Archived from the original on June 26, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
32. ^Aronowitz, Alfred G. (August 16, 1968). 'Music Behind the Bars: Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison'. Life.
33. ^Fisher, Annie (October 17, 1968). 'Riffs'. The Village Voice.
34. ^Goldstein, Richard (June 6, 1968). 'Pop Eye'. The Village Voice.
35. ^Danker, Frederick E. (September 1968). 'Johnny Cash: A Certain Tragic Sense of Life'. Sing Out!.
36. ^'The Hot 100'. Billboard. November 15, 1969.
37. ^Cash & Carr 1997, p. 58
38. ^Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. 'At Folsom Prison (1999 Expanded Edition) (review)'. AllMusic. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
39. ^'500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time'. Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
40. ^'The National Recording Registry 2003'. The Library of Congress. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on November 18, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
41. ^'The Greatest: CMT 40 Greatest Albums'. CMT 40 Greatest Albums. Nashville, Tennessee. 2006. Viacom. Country Music Television.
42. ^Aizelwood, John (February 2002). 'The 100 Greatest American Albums of All time'. Blender. Archived from the original on April 19, 2002. Accessed via webarchive November 8, 2008.
43. ^'500 CDs You Must Own'. Blender. April 2003. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved November 22, 2008.Italic or bold markup not allowed in: publisher= (help)
44. ^'The All-TIME 100 Albums'. Time. November 13, 2006. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
45. ^Robert Dimery; Michael Lydon (February 7, 2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die: Revised and Updated Edition. Universe. ISBN0-7893-1371-5.
46. ^Deusner, Stephen M. (October 23, 2008). 'Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: Legacy Edition (review)'. Pitchfork Media. Archived from the original on November 3, 2008. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
47. ^Hoard, Christian (October 16, 2008). 'At Folsom Prison: Legacy Edition (review)'. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 29, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
48. ^'Johnny Cash — At Folsom Prison (Album)'. Norwegiancharts.com. Archived from the original on November 11, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
49. ^'At Folsom Prison'. Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
50. ^'LP Chart'. RPM. 12 (8). October 18, 1969. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
51. ^'Canadian album certifications – Johnny Cash – At Folsom prison'. Music Canada.
52. ^'Irish album certifications – Johnny Cash – At Folsom prison'. Irish Recorded Music Association.
53. ^'British album certifications – Johnny Cash – At Folsom prison'. British Phonographic Industry.Select albums in the Format field.Select Gold in the Certification field.Type At Folsom prison in the 'Search BPI Awards' field and then press Enter.
54. ^'American album certifications – Johnny Cash – At Folsom prison'. Recording Industry Association of America.If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH.

References[edit]

• Cash, Johnny; Carr, Patrick (1997). Cash: The Autobiography (1st ed.). New York, NY: Harper San Francisco. ISBN0-06-072753-5.
• Govoni, Albert (1970). A Boy Named Cash: The Johnny Cash Story (1st ed.). New York, NY: Lancer Books.
• Streissguth, Michael (2004). Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: The Making of a Masterpiece (1st ed.). Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-81453-6.

Further reading[edit]

• Cash, Johnny (1976). Man in Black (1st ed.). New York, NY: Warner Books. ISBN0-446-89086-3.
• Geary, Daniel. 'The Way I Would Feel About San Quentin': Johnny Cash and the Politics of Country Music,' Daedalus, 142 (Fall 2013), 64-72.
• Levy, Joe (2005). The 500 Greatest Albums of All Times (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wenner Books. ISBN1-932958-61-4.

John R. 'Johnny' Cash (born J. R. Cash; February 26, 1932 – September 12, 2003) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author.^[2] He is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 90 million records worldwide.^[3][4] His genre-spanning songs and sound embraced country music, rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk, and gospel. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of being inducted into the Country Music, Rock and Roll, and Gospel Music Halls of Fame.

Cash was known for his deep, calm bass-baritone voice,^[a][6] the distinctive sound of his Tennessee Three backing band characterized by train-like chugging guitar rhythms, a rebelliousness^[7][8] coupled with an increasingly somber and humble demeanor,^[5] free prison concerts,^[9] and a trademark, all-black stage wardrobe, which earned him the nickname 'The Man in Black'.^[b] He traditionally began his concerts by simply introducing himself, 'Hello, I'm Johnny Cash,'^[c] followed by his signature song 'Folsom Prison Blues'.

Much of Cash's music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation, and redemption, especially in the later stages of his career.^[5][12] His other signature songs include 'I Walk the Line', 'Ring of Fire', 'Get Rhythm', and 'Man in Black'. He also recorded humorous numbers like 'One Piece at a Time' and 'A Boy Named Sue'; a duet with his future wife, June Carter, called 'Jackson' (followed by many further duets after their wedding); and railroad songs including 'Hey, Porter', 'Orange Blossom Special', and 'Rock Island Line'.^[13] During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably 'Hurt' by Nine Inch Nails and 'Rusty Cage' by Soundgarden.

• 4Career
• 8Legacy
• 10Discography
• 15References

Early life[edit]

Johnny Cash was born on February 26, 1932, in Kingsland, Arkansas,^[14][15] to Carrie Cloveree (née Rivers) and Ray Cash. He was the fourth of seven children, who were in birth order: Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R., Reba, Joanne, and Tommy (who also became a successful country artist).^[16][17] He was primarily of English and Scottish descent.^[18][19][20] As an adult he traced his surname to 11th-century Fife, after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Major Michael Crichton-Stuart.^[21][22][23]Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family.^[21]

At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash. His mother wanted to name him John and his father preferred to name him Ray; J.R. ended up being the only compromise they could agree on.^[24] When he enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed it to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he started using the name Johnny Cash.^[8]

In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas, a New Deal colony established to give poor families the opportunity to work land that they may later own.^[25] From the age of five, Cash worked in cotton fields with his family, singing with them as they worked. The Cash farm in Dyess experienced a flood, which led Cash later to write the song 'Five Feet High and Rising'.^[26] His family's economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, especially those about other people facing similar difficulties. Consequently, Cash had sympathy for the poor and working class throughout his life.

On Saturday, May 13, 1944,^[27] Cash's older brother Jack, with whom he was close, was seriously injured in an accident at his job in a high school. He was pulled into an unguarded table saw while cutting oak into fence posts, and was almost cut in two. He died from his injuries a week later.^[28] Cash often spoke of the guilt he felt over this incident; according to Cash: The Autobiography, his father was away that morning, but Johnny, his mother, and even Jack himself, all had premonitions or a sense of foreboding about that day. His mother urged Jack to skip work and go fishing with his brother, but he insisted on working as the family needed the money. On his deathbed, Jack said he had visions of heaven and angels. Decades later, Cash spoke of looking forward to meeting his brother in heaven.^[8]

Cash's early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a childhood friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of 12. When young, Cash had a high-tenor voice, before becoming a bass-baritone after his voice changed.^[29]

In high school, he sang on a local radio station. Decades later, he released an album of traditional gospel songs, called My Mother's Hymn Book. He was also significantly influenced by traditional Irish music, which he heard performed weekly by Dennis Day on the Jack Benny radio program.^[30]

Military service[edit]

Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force on July 7, 1950.^[31] After basic training at Lackland Air Force Base and technical training at Brooks Air Force Base, both in San Antonio, Texas, Cash was assigned to the 12th Radio Squadron Mobile of the U.S. Air Force Security Service at Landsberg, Germany. He worked as a Morse code operator intercepting Soviet Army transmissions.^[32] While at Landsberg he created his first band, 'The Landsberg Barbarians'.^[33] On July 3, 1954, he was honorably discharged as a staff sergeant, and he returned to Texas.^[34] During his military service, he acquired a distinctive scar on the right side of his jaw as a result of surgery to remove a cyst.^[35][36]

Marriages and families[edit]

On July 18, 1951, while in Air Force training, Cash met 17-year-old Italian-American Vivian Liberto at a roller skating rink in her native San Antonio.^[37] They dated for three weeks until Cash was deployed to Germany for a three-year tour. During that time, the couple exchanged hundreds of pages of love letters.^[38] On August 7, 1954, one month after his discharge, they were married at St. Ann's Roman Catholic Church in San Antonio. The ceremony was performed by her uncle, Vincent Liberto. They had four daughters: Rosanne, Kathy, Cindy, and Tara. In 1961, Johnny moved his family to a hilltop home overlooking Casitas Springs, California, a small town south of Ojai on Highway 33. He had previously moved his parents to the area to run a small trailer park called the Johnny Cash Trailer Park.

Johnny's drinking led to several run-ins with local law enforcement. Liberto later said that she had filed for divorce in 1966 because of Cash's severe drug and alcohol abuse, as well as constant touring, affairs with other women, and his close relationship with June Carter. Their four daughters were then raised by their mother.

Cash met singer June Carter, of the famed Carter Family while on tour, and the two became infatuated with each other. In 1968, 13 years after they first met backstage at the Grand Ole Opry, Cash proposed to June, during a live performance in London, Ontario.^[39] The couple married on March 1, 1968, in Franklin, Kentucky. They had one child together, John Carter Cash, born March 3, 1970. He was the only son for both Johnny and June. In addition to having his four daughters and John Carter, Cash also became step-father to Carlene and Rosie; June’s daughters from her first two marriages.

Cash and Carter continued to work, raise their child, create music, and tour together for 35 years until June's death in May 2003. Throughout their marriage, June attempted to keep Cash off amphetamines, often taking his drugs and flushing them down the toilet. June remained with him even throughout his multiple admissions for rehabilitation treatment and years of drug abuse. After June's death, Cash believed that his only reason for living was his music.^[40] He died four months after she did.^[8]

Career[edit]

Early career[edit]

In 1954, Cash and Vivian moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he sold appliances while studying to be a radio announcer. At night, he played with guitarist Luther Perkins and bassist Marshall Grant. Perkins and Grant were known as the Tennessee Two. Cash worked up the courage to visit the Sun Records studio, hoping to get a recording contract.^[41] He auditioned for Sam Phillips by singing mostly gospel songs, only to learn from the producer that he no longer recorded gospel music. Phillips was rumored to have told Cash to 'go home and sin, then come back with a song I can sell', although in a 2002 interview, Cash denied that Phillips made any such comment.^[42] Cash eventually won over the producer with new songs delivered in his early rockabilly style. In 1955, Cash made his first recordings at Sun, 'Hey Porter' and 'Cry! Cry! Cry!', which were released in late June and met with success on the country hit parade.

On December 4, 1956, Elvis Presley dropped in on Phillips while Carl Perkins was in the studio cutting new tracks, with Jerry Lee Lewis backing him on piano. Cash was also in the studio, and the four started an impromptujam session. Phillips left the tapes running and the recordings, almost half of which were gospel songs, survived. They have since been released under the title Million Dollar Quartet. In Cash: the Autobiography, Cash wrote that he was the farthest from the microphone and sang in a higher pitch to blend in with Elvis.

Cash's next record, 'Folsom Prison Blues', made the country top five. His 'I Walk the Line' became number one on the country charts and entered the pop charts top 20. 'Home of the Blues' followed, recorded in July 1957. That same year, Cash became the first Sun artist to release a long-playing album. Although he was Sun's most consistently selling and prolific artist at that time, Cash felt constrained by his contract with the small label. Phillips did not want Cash to record gospel, and was paying him a 3% royalty rather than the standard rate of 5%. Presley had already left Sun, and Phillips was focusing most of his attention and promotion on Lewis.

In 1958, Cash left Phillips to sign a lucrative offer with Columbia Records. His single 'Don't Take Your Guns to Town' became one of his biggest hits, and he recorded a collection of gospel songs for his second album for Columbia. However, Cash left behind a sufficient backlog of recordings with Sun that Phillips continued to release new singles and albums from them, featuring previously unreleased material until as late as 1964. Cash was in the unusual position of having new releases out on two labels concurrently. Sun's 1960 release, a cover of 'Oh Lonesome Me', made it to number 13 on the C&W charts.

(When RCA Victor signed Presley, it also bought his Sun Records masters, but when Cash departed for Columbia, Phillips retained the rights to the singer's Sun masters. Columbia eventually licensed some of these recordings for release on compilations after Cash's death.)

Early in his career, Cash was given the teasing nickname 'the Undertaker' by fellow artists because of his habit of wearing black clothes. He said he chose them because they were easier to keep looking clean on long tours.^[43]

In the early 1960s, Cash toured with the Carter Family, which by this time regularly included Mother Maybelle's daughters, Anita, June, and Helen. June later recalled admiring him from afar during these tours. In the 1960s, he appeared on Pete Seeger's short-lived television series Rainbow Quest.^[44] He also acted in, and wrote and sang the opening theme for, a 1961 film entitled Five Minutes to Live, later re-released as Door-to-door Maniac.

Cash's career was handled by Saul Holiff, a London, Ontario, promoter. Their relationship was the subject of Saul's son's biopic My Father and the Man in Black.^[45]

Outlaw image[edit]

As his career was taking off in the late 1950s, Cash started drinking heavily and became addicted to amphetamines and barbiturates. For a brief time, he shared an apartment in Nashville with Waylon Jennings, who was deeply addicted to amphetamines. Cash used the stimulants to stay awake during tours. Friends joked about his 'nervousness' and erratic behavior, many ignoring the warning signs of his worsening drug addiction.

Although he was in many ways spiraling out of control, Cash could still deliver hits due to his frenetic creativity. His rendition of 'Ring of Fire' was a crossover hit, reaching number one on the country charts and entering the top 20 on the pop charts. It was originally performed by June's sister, but the signature mariachi-style horn arrangement was provided by Cash.^[46] He said that it had come to him in a dream. Vivian Liberto claimed a different version of the origins of 'Ring of Fire'. In her book, I Walked the Line: My Life with Johnny, Liberto says that Cash gave Carter half the songwriting credit for monetary reasons.^[47]

In June 1965, Cash's camper caught fire during a fishing trip with his nephew Damon Fielder in Los Padres National Forest in California, triggering a forest fire that burned several hundred acres and nearly caused his death.^[48][49] Cash claimed that the fire was caused by sparks from a defective exhaust system on his camper, but Fielder thinks that Cash started a fire to stay warm and in his drugged condition failed to notice the fire getting out of control.^[50] When the judge asked Cash why he did it, Cash said, 'I didn't do it, my truck did, and it's dead, so you can't question it.'^[51]

The fire destroyed 508 acres (206 ha), burned the foliage off three mountains and drove off 49 of the refuge's 53 endangered California condors.^[52] Cash was unrepentant and claimed, 'I don't care about your damn yellow buzzards.'^[53] The federal government sued him and was awarded $125,172. Cash eventually settled the case and paid $82,001.^[54] As of 2017 there are 463 California condors living wild or in captivity.^[55]

Although Cash cultivated a romantic outlaw image, he never served a prison sentence. Despite landing in jail seven times for misdemeanors, he stayed only one night on each stay. On May 11, 1965, he was arrested in Starkville, Mississippi, for trespassing late at night onto private property to pick flowers. (He used this to write the song 'Starkville City Jail', which he discussed on his live At San Quentin album.)^[56] While on tour that year, he was arrested October 4 in El Paso, Texas, by a narcotics squad. The officers suspected he was smuggling heroin from Mexico, but found instead 688 Dexedrine capsules (amphetamines) and 475 Equanil (sedatives or tranquilizers) tablets that the singer had hidden inside his guitar case. Because the pills were prescription drugs rather than illegal narcotics, he received a suspended sentence. Cash posted a $1,500 bond and then was released until his arraignment.^[57]

In this period of the mid-1960s, Cash released a number of concept albums. His Bitter Tears (1964) was devoted to spoken word and songs addressing the plight of Native Americans and mistreatment by the government. While initially reaching charts, this album met with resistance from some fans and radio stations, which rejected its controversial take on social issues. The album was considered lost until the early 21st century. In 2011, a book was published about it, leading to a re-recording of the songs by contemporary artists and the making of a documentary film about Cash's efforts with the album. This film was aired on PBS in February and November 2016. His Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965) was an experimental double record, mixing authentic frontier songs with Cash's spoken narration.

Reaching a low with his severe drug addiction and destructive behavior, Cash was divorced from his first wife and had performances cancelled, but he continued to find success. In 1967, Cash's duet with June Carter, 'Jackson,' won a Grammy Award.^[58]

Cash was last arrested in 1967 in Walker County, Georgia, after police found he was carrying a bag of prescription pills and was in a car accident. Cash attempted to bribe a local deputy, who turned the money down. The singer was jailed for the night in LaFayette, Georgia. Sheriff Ralph Jones released him after giving him a long talk, warning him about the danger of his behavior and wasted potential. Cash credited that experience with helping him turn around and save his life. He later returned to LaFayette to play a benefit concert; it attracted 12,000 people (the city population was less than 9,000 at the time) and raised $75,000 for the high school.^[59] Reflecting on his past in a 1997 interview, Cash noted: 'I was taking the pills for awhile, and then the pills started taking me.'^[60]

There is an unconfirmed story that in early 1967, Cash had a spiritual epiphany in the Nickajack Cave. The story says that Cash had attempted to commit suicide while under the heavy influence of drugs. He descended deep into the cave, trying to lose himself and 'just die', but passed out on the floor. Utterly discouraged, he felt God's presence in his heart and struggled out of the cave (despite exhaustion) by following a faint light and slight breeze.^[61] To him, the incident represented his rebirth. June, Maybelle, and Ezra Carter moved into Cash's mansion for a month to help him get off drugs. Cash proposed onstage to June on February 22, 1968, at a concert at the London Gardens in London, Ontario, Canada. The couple married a week later (on March 1) in Franklin, Kentucky. She had agreed to marry Cash after he had 'cleaned up.'^[62]

Cash's journey included rediscovery of his Christian faith. He took an 'altar call' in Evangel Temple, a small church in the Nashville area, pastored by Reverend Jimmie Rodgers Snow, son of country music legend Hank Snow. According to Marshall Grant, though, Cash did not completely stop using amphetamines in 1968. Cash did not end all drug use until 1970, staying drug-free for a period of seven years. Grant claims that the birth of Cash's son, John Carter Cash, inspired Cash to end his dependence.^[63]

Cash began using amphetamines again in 1977. By 1983, he was deeply addicted again and became a patient at the Betty Ford Clinic in Rancho Mirage for treatment. He stayed off drugs for several years, but relapsed. By 1989, he was dependent and entered Nashville's Cumberland Heights Alcohol and Drug Treatment Center. In 1992, he started care at the Loma Linda Behavioral Medicine Center in Loma Linda, California, for his final rehabilitation treatment. (Several months later, his son followed him into this facility for treatment).^[64][65]

Folsom and other prison concerts[edit]

Cash began performing concerts at prisons in the late 1950s. He played his first famous prison concert on January 1, 1958, at San Quentin State Prison.^[66] These performances led to a pair of highly successful live albums, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) and Johnny Cash at San Quentin (1969). Both live albums reached number one on Billboard country album music and the latter crossed over to reach the top of the Billboard pop album chart. In 1969, Cash became an international hit when he eclipsed even the Beatles by selling 6.5 million albums.^[67] In comparison, the prison concerts were much more successful than his later live albums such as Strawberry Cake recorded in London and Live at Madison Square Garden, which peaked at numbers 33 and 39 on the album charts, respectively.

The Folsom Prison record was introduced by a rendition of his 'Folsom Prison Blues' while the San Quentin record included the crossover hit single 'A Boy Named Sue', a Shel Silverstein-penned novelty song that reached number one on the country charts and number two on the U.S. top-10 pop charts. The AM versions of the latter contained profanities which were edited out of the aired version. The modern CD versions are unedited, thus making them longer than on the original vinyl albums, though they retain the audience-reaction overdubs of the originals.

Cash performed at the Österåker Prison in Sweden in 1972. The live album På Österåker (At Österåker) was released in 1973. 'San Quentin' was recorded with Cash replacing 'San Quentin' with 'Österåker'. In 1976, a concert at Tennessee State Prison was videotaped for TV broadcast, and received a belated CD release after Cash's death as A Concert Behind Prison Walls.

Activism for Native Americans[edit]

In 1965, Cash and June Carter appeared on Pete Seeger's TV show, Rainbow Quest, on which Cash explained his start as an activist for Native Americans: In '57, I wrote a song called 'Old Apache Squaw' and then forgot the so-called Indian protest for a while, but nobody else seemed to speak up with any volume of voice.^[68]

Columbia, the label for which Cash was recording then, was opposed to putting the song on his next album, considering it 'too radical for the public'.^[69] Cash singing songs of Indian tragedy and settler violence went radically against the mainstream of country music in the 1950s, which was dominated by the image of the righteous cowboy who simply makes the native's soil his own.^[70]

In 1964, coming off the chart success of his previous album 'I Walk The Line', he recorded the aforementioned album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian.

We're Still Here: Johnny Cash's Bitter Tears Revisited, a documentary by Antonino D'Ambrosio (author of A Heartland and a Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears) tells the story of Johnny Cash's controversial concept album 'Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian', covering the struggles of Native Americans. The film's DVD was released on August 21, 2018.^[71]

The album featured stories of a multitude of native peoples, mostly of their violent oppression by white settlers: The Pima ('The Ballad of Ira Hayes'), Navajo ('Navajo'), Apache ('Apache Tears'), Lakota ('Big Foot'), Seneca ('As Long as the Grass Shall Grow'), and Cherokee ('Talking Leaves'). Cash wrote three of the songs himself and one with the help of Johnny Horton, but the majority of the protest songs were written by folk artist Peter La Farge^[72] (son of activist and Pulitzer prizewinner Oliver La Farge), whom Cash met in New York in the 1960s and whom he admired for his activism.^[73] The album's single, 'The Ballad of Ira Hayes' (about Ira Hayes, one of the six to raise the U.S. flag at Iwo Jima), was neglected by nonpolitical radio at the time, and the record label denied it any promotion due to its provocative protesting and 'unappealing' nature.^[74] Cash faced resistance and was even urged by an editor of a country music magazine to leave the Country Music Association: 'You and your crowd are just too intelligent to associate with plain country folks, country artists, and country DJs.'^[75]

In reaction, on August 22, 1964, the singer posted a letter as an advertisement in Billboard, calling the record industry cowardly. 'D.J.s – station managers – owners .. where are your guts?' he demands. 'I had to fight back when I realized that so many stations are afraid of Ira Hayes. Just one question: WHY???' He concludes the letter, 'Ira Hayes is strong medicine .. So is Rochester, Harlem, Birmingham and Vietnam.' ^[76] Cash kept promoting the song himself and used his influence on radio disc jockeys he knew eventually to make the song climb to number three on the country charts, while the album rose to number two on the album charts.^[75]

Later, on The Johnny Cash Show, he continued telling stories of Native-American plight, both in song and through short films, such as the history of the Trail of Tears.^[77]

In 1966, in response to his activism, the singer was adopted by the Seneca Nation's Turtle Clan. He performed benefits in 1968 at the Rosebud Reservation, close to the historical landmark of the massacre at Wounded Knee, to raise money to help build a school. He also played at the D-Q University in the 1980s.^[78]

Johnny Cash used his stardom and economic status to bring awareness to the issues surrounding the Native American people.^[79] Cash sang songs about indigenous humanity in an effort to confront the U.S. government. Many non-Native Americans stayed away from singing about these things.^[80]

In 1970, Cash recorded a reading of John G. Burnett's 1890 80th-birthday essay ^[81] on Cherokee removal for the Historical Landmarks Association (Nashville).^[82]

The Johnny Cash Show 1969–71[edit]

From June 1969 to March 1971, Cash starred in his own television show, The Johnny Cash Show, on the ABC network.^[83] Produced by Screen Gems, the show was performed at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville. The Statler Brothers opened for him in every episode; the Carter Family and rockabilly legend Carl Perkins were also part of the regular show entourage. Cash also enjoyed booking mainstream performers as guests; including Linda Ronstadt in her first TV appearance, Neil Young, Louis Armstrong, Neil Diamond, Kenny Rogers and The First Edition (who appeared four times), James Taylor, Ray Charles, Roger Miller, Roy Orbison, Derek and the Dominos, Joni Mitchell, and Bob Dylan.^[83] During the same period, he contributed the title song and other songs to the film Little Fauss and Big Halsey, which starred Robert Redford, Michael J. Pollard, and Lauren Hutton.^[84] The title song, 'The Ballad of Little Fauss and Big Halsey', written by Carl Perkins, was nominated for a Golden Globe award in 1971.^[85][86]

Cash had met with Dylan in the mid-1960s and became closer friends when they were neighbors in the late 1960s in Woodstock, New York. Cash was enthusiastic about reintroducing the reclusive Dylan to his audience. Cash sang a duet with Dylan, “Girl from the North Country”, on Dylan's country album Nashville Skyline and also wrote the album's Grammy-winning liner notes.

Another artist who received a major career boost from The Johnny Cash Show was Kris Kristofferson, who was beginning to make a name for himself as a singer-songwriter. During a live performance of Kristofferson's 'Sunday Mornin' Comin' Down', Cash refused to change the lyrics to suit network executives, singing the song with its references to marijuana intact:

On a Sunday morning sidewalk
I'm wishin', Lord, that I was stoned.^[87]

The closing program of The Johnny Cash Show was a gospel music special. Guests included the Blackwood Brothers, Mahalia Jackson, Stuart Hamblen, and Billy Graham.^[88]

'The Man in Black'[edit]

By the early 1970s, he had crystallized his public image as 'The Man in Black'. He regularly performed dressed all in black, wearing a long, black, knee-length coat. This outfit stood in contrast to the costumes worn by most of the major country acts in his day – rhinestone suits and cowboy boots. In 1971, Cash wrote the song 'Man in Black' to help explain his dress code:

We're doing mighty fine I do suppose
In our streak of lightning cars and fancy clothes
But just so we're reminded of the ones who are held back
Up front there ought to be a man in black.

He wore 'black' on behalf of the poor and hungry, on behalf of 'the prisoner who has long paid for his crime,' and on behalf of those who have been betrayed by age or drugs.^[89] 'And,' Cash added,

with the Vietnam War as painful in my mind as it was in most other Americans, I wore it 'in mournin' for the lives that could have been' .. Apart from the Vietnam War being over, I don't see much reason to change my position .. The old are still neglected, the poor are still poor, the young are still dying before their time, and we're not making many moves to make things right. There's still plenty of darkness to carry off.^[89]

His band and he had initially worn black shirts because that was the only matching color they had among their various outfits. He wore other colors on stage early in his career, but he claimed to like wearing black both on and off stage. He stated that political reasons aside, he simply liked black as his on-stage color.^[10] The outdated US Navy's winter blue uniform used to be referred to by sailors as 'Johnny Cashes', as the uniform's shirt, tie, and trousers are solid black.^[90]

In the mid-1970s, Cash's popularity and number of hit songs began to decline. He made commercials for Amoco and STP, an unpopular enterprise at the time of the 1970s energy crisis. In 1976, he made commercials for Lionel Trains, for which he also wrote the music.^[91] However, his first autobiography, Man in Black, was published in 1975 and sold 1.3 million copies. A second, Cash: The Autobiography, appeared in 1997.

His friendship with Billy Graham ^[92] led to Cash's production of a film about the life of Jesus, The Gospel Road, which Cash co-wrote and narrated. It was released in 1973. Cash viewed the film as a statement of his personal faith rather than a means of proselytizing.^[93]

Cash and June Carter Cash appeared several times on the Billy Graham Crusade TV specials, and Cash continued to include gospel and religious songs on many of his albums, though Columbia declined to release A Believer Sings the Truth, a gospel double-LP Cash recorded in 1979 and which ended up being released on an independent label even with Cash still under contract to Columbia. On November 22, 1974, CBS ran his one-hour TV special entitled Riding The Rails, a musical history of trains.

He continued to appear on television, hosting Christmas specials on CBS in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Later television appearances included a starring role in an episode of Columbo, entitled 'Swan Song'. June and he appeared in an episode of Little House on the Prairie, entitled 'The Collection'. He gave a performance as John Brown in the 1985 American Civil War television miniseries North and South. Johnny and June also appeared in Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman in recurring roles.

He was friendly with every US President, starting with Richard Nixon. He was closest to Jimmy Carter, with whom he became close friends and who was a distant cousin of his wife, June.^[94]

When invited to perform at the White House for the first time in 1970,^[95] Richard Nixon's office requested that he play 'Okie from Muskogee' (a satirical Merle Haggard song about people who despised youthful drug users and war protesters), 'Welfare Cadillac' (a Guy Drake song which denies the integrity of welfare recipients), and 'A Boy Named Sue'. Cash declined to play the first two and instead selected other songs, including 'The Ballad of Ira Hayes' (about a brave Native AmericanWorld War II veteran who was mistreated upon his return to Arizona), and his own compositions, 'What Is Truth' and 'Man in Black'. Cash wrote that the reasons for denying Nixon's song choices were not knowing them and having fairly short notice to rehearse them, rather than any political reason.^[96] However, Cash added, even if Nixon's office had given Cash enough time to learn and rehearse the songs, their choice of pieces that conveyed 'antihippie and antiblack' sentiments might have backfired.^[97] In his remarks when introducing Cash, Nixon joked that one thing he had learned about the singer was one did not tell him what to sing.^[98]

Johnny Cash was the grand marshal of the United States Bicentennial parade.^[99] He wore a shirt from Nudie Cohn which sold for $25,000 in auction in 2010.^[100] After the parade he gave a concert at the Washington monument.^[101]

Highwaymen and departure from Columbia Records[edit]

In 1980, Cash became the Country Music Hall of Fame's youngest living inductee at age 48, but during the 1980s, his records failed to make a major impact on the country charts, although he continued to tour successfully. In the mid-1980s, he recorded and toured with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, and Kris Kristofferson as The Highwaymen, making three hit albums, which were released beginning with the originally titled Highwayman in 1985, followed by Highwaymen 2 in 1990, and concluding with Highwaymen – The Road Goes On Forever in 1995.

During that period, Cash appeared in a number of television films. In 1981, he starred in The Pride of Jesse Hallam, winning fine reviews for a film that called attention to adult illiteracy. In the same year, Cash appeared as a 'very special guest star' in an episode of the Muppet Show. In 1983, he appeared as a heroic sheriff in Murder in Coweta County, based on a real-life Georgia murder case, which co-starred Andy Griffith as his nemesis and featured June Carter in a small but important role. Cash had tried for years to make the film, for which he won acclaim.

Cash relapsed into addiction after being administered painkillers for a serious abdominal injury in 1983 caused by an unusual incident in which he was kicked and wounded by an ostrich he kept on his farm.^[102]

At a hospital visit in 1988, this time to watch over Waylon Jennings (who was recovering from a heart attack), Jennings suggested that Cash have himself checked into the hospital for his own heart condition. Doctors recommended preventive heart surgery, and Cash underwent double bypass surgery in the same hospital. Both recovered, although Cash refused to use any prescription painkillers, fearing a relapse into dependency. Cash later claimed that during his operation, he had what is called a 'near-death experience'.

Cash's recording career and his general relationship with the Nashville establishment were at an all-time low in the 1980s. He realized that his record label of nearly 30 years, Columbia, was growing indifferent to him and was not properly marketing him (he was 'invisible' during that time, as he said in his autobiography).

In 1984, Cash released a self-parody recording titled 'Chicken in Black' about Cash's brain being transplanted into a chicken and Cash receiving a bank robber's brain in return. Biographer Robert Hilburn, in his 2013 book Johnny Cash: The Life, disputes the claim made that Cash chose to record an intentionally poor song in protest of Columbia's treatment of him. On the contrary, Hilburn writes, it was Columbia that presented Cash with the song, which Cash – who had previously scored major chart hits with comedic material such as 'A Boy Named Sue' and 'One Piece at a Time' – accepted enthusiastically, performing the song live on stage and filming a comedic music video in which he dresses up in a superhero-like bank-robber costume. According to Hilburn, Cash's enthusiasm for the song waned after Waylon Jennings told Cash he looked 'like a buffoon' in the music video (which was showcased during Cash's 1984 Christmas TV special), and Cash subsequently demanded that Columbia withdraw the music video from broadcast and recall the single from stores—interrupting its bona fide chart success—and termed the venture 'a fiasco.'^[103]Serato dj software for mac.

Between 1981 and 1984, he recorded several sessions with famed countrypolitan producer Billy Sherrill (who also produced 'Chicken in Black'), which were shelved; they would be released by Columbia's sister label, Legacy Recordings, in 2014 as Out Among the Stars.^[104] Around this time, Cash also recorded an album of gospel recordings that ended up being released by another label around the time of his departure from Columbia (this due to Columbia closing down its Priority Records division that was to have released the recordings).

After more unsuccessful recordings were released between 1984–85, Cash left Columbia (at least as a solo artist; he continued to record for Columbia on nonsolo projects until as late as 1990, recording a duets album with Waylon Jennings and two albums as a member of The Highwaymen).

In 1986, Cash returned to Sun Studios in Memphis to team up with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins to create the album Class of '55; according to Hilburn, Columbia still had Cash under contract at the time, so special arrangements had to be made to allow him to participate.^[105] Also in 1986, Cash published his only novel, Man in White, a book about Saul and his conversion to become the Apostle Paul. He recorded Johnny Cash Reads The Complete New Testament in 1990.

American Recordings[edit]

After Columbia Records dropped Cash from his recording contract, he had a short and unsuccessful stint with Mercury Records from 1987 to 1991. During this time, he recorded an album of new versions of some of his best-known Sun and Columbia hits, as well as Water from the Wells of Home, a duets album that paired him with, among others, his children Rosanne Cash and John Carter Cash, as well as Paul McCartney. A one-off Christmas album recorded for Delta Records followed his Mercury contract.

Though Cash would never have another chart hit from 1991 until his death (one of many older country acts to be derailed by changes in the industry that year), his career was rejuvenated in the 1990s, leading to popularity with an audience which was not traditionally considered interested in country music. In 1988, British post-punk musicians Marc Riley (formerly of the Fall) and Jon Langford (the Mekons) put together 'Til Things Are Brighter, a tribute album featuring mostly British-based indie-rock acts' interpretations of Cash's songs. Cash was enthusiastic about the project, telling Langford that it was a 'morale booster'; Roseanne Cash later said 'he felt a real connection with those musicians and very validated .. It was very good for him: he was in his element. He absolutely understood what they were tapping into, and loved it'. The album attracted press attention on both sides of the Atlantic.^[106] In 1991, he sang a version of 'Man in Black' for the Christian punk band One Bad Pig's album I Scream Sunday. In 1993, he sang 'The Wanderer', the closing track of U2's album Zooropa. According to Rolling Stone writer Adam Gold, 'The Wanderer' – written for Cash by Bono, 'defies both the U2 and Cash canons, combining rhythmic and textural elements of Nineties synth-pop with a Countrypolitan lament fit for the closing credits of a Seventies western.'^[107]

No longer sought-after by major labels, he was offered a contract with producer Rick Rubin's American Recordings label, which had recently been rebranded from Def American, under which name it was better known for rap and hard rock. Under Rubin's supervision, he recorded American Recordings (1994) in his living room, accompanied only by his Martin Dreadnought guitar – one of many Cash played throughout his career.^[108] The album featured covers of contemporary artists selected by Rubin including 'Down There by the Train' by Tom Waits. The album had a great deal of critical and commercial success, winning a Grammy for Best Contemporary Folk Album. Cash wrote that his reception at the 1994 Glastonbury Festival was one of the highlights of his career. This was the beginning of a decade of music industry accolades and commercial success. He teamed up with Brooks & Dunn to contribute 'Folsom Prison Blues' to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization. On the same album, he performed the Bob Dylan favorite 'Forever Young.'

Cash and his wife appeared on a number of episodes of the television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. He also lent his voice for a cameo role in The Simpsons episode 'El Viaje Misterioso de Nuestro Jomer (The Mysterious Voyage of Homer)', as the 'Space Coyote' that guides Homer Simpson on a spiritual quest.

Cash was joined by guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden, bassist Krist Novoselic of Nirvana, and drummer Sean Kinney of Alice in Chains for a cover of Willie Nelson's 'Time of the Preacher', featured on the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January 1996.^[109][110]

In 1996, Cash enlisted the accompaniment of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers and released Unchained (also known as American Recordings II), which won the Best Country Album Grammy in 1998. The album was produced by Rick Rubin with Sylvia Massy engineering and mixing. A majority of Unchained was recorded at Sound City Studios and featured guest appearances by Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, and Marty Stuart. Believing he did not explain enough of himself in his 1975 autobiography Man in Black, he wrote Cash: The Autobiography in 1997.

Later years[edit]

In 1997, Cash was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative disease Shy–Drager syndrome, a form of multiple system atrophy. According to biographer Robert Hilburn, the disease was originally misdiagnosed as Parkinson's disease, and Cash even announced to his audience that he had Parkinson's after nearly collapsing on stage in Flint, Michigan, on October 25, 1997. Soon afterwards, his diagnosis was changed to Shy–Drager, and Cash was told he had about 18 months to live.^[111] The diagnosis was later again altered to autonomic neuropathy associated with diabetes. The illness forced Cash to curtail his touring. He was hospitalized in 1998 with severe pneumonia, which damaged his lungs.

During the last stage of his career, Cash released the albums American III: Solitary Man (2000) and American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002). American IV included cover songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably 'Hurt' by Nine Inch Nails and 'Personal Jesus' by Depeche Mode.^[112]Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails commented that he was initially skeptical about Cash's plan to cover 'Hurt', but was later impressed and moved by the rendition.^[113] The video for 'Hurt' received critical and popular acclaim, including a Grammy Award.^[114][115]

June Carter Cash died on May 15, 2003, at the age of 73.^[116] June had told Cash to keep working, so he continued to record, completing 60 more songs in the last four months of his life, and even performed a few surprise shows at the Carter Family Fold outside Bristol, Virginia. At the July 5, 2003, concert (his last public performance), before singing 'Ring of Fire', Cash read a statement about his late wife that he had written shortly before taking the stage:

The spirit of June Carter overshadows me tonight with the love she had for me and the love I have for her. We connect somewhere between here and Heaven. She came down for a short visit, I guess, from Heaven to visit with me tonight to give me courage and inspiration like she always has. She's never been one for me except courage and inspiration. I thank God for June Carter. I love her with all my heart.

Cash continued to record until shortly before his death. His final recordings were made on August 21, 2003, and consisted of 'Like the 309', which appeared on American V: A Hundred Highways in 2006, and the final song he completed, 'Engine 143', which was recorded for his son John Carter Cash for a planned Carter Family tribute album.^[117]

Death[edit]

While being hospitalized at Baptist Hospital in Nashville, Cash died of complications from diabetes around 2:00 am CT on September 12, 2003, aged 71—less than four months after his wife. He was buried next to her in Hendersonville Memory Gardens near his home in Hendersonville, Tennessee.

Cash wrote in his autobiography that he was diagnosed with Shy-Drager Syndrome (multiple system atrophy) during a trip to New York City in 1997.^[118]

Religious beliefs[edit]

Cash was raised by his parents in the Southern Baptist denomination of Christianity. He was baptized in 1944 in the Tyronza River as a member of the Central Baptist Church of Dyess, Arkansas.^[119]

A troubled but devout Christian,^[120][121] Cash has been characterized as a 'lens through which to view American contradictions and challenges.'^{[d][123][124]} On May 9, 1971, he answered the altar call at Evangel Temple, an Assemblies of God congregation pastored by Jimmie R. Snow with outreach to people in the music world.^[125]

A biblical scholar,^{[2][126][127]} Cash penned a Christian novel, Man in White in 1986 and in the introduction writes about a reporter, who, interested in Cash's religious beliefs, questioned whether the book is written from a Baptist, Catholic, or Jewish perspective. Cash replies 'I'm a Christian. Don't put me in another box.'^[128][129]

In the mid-1970s, Cash and his wife, June, completed a course of study in the Bible through Christian International Bible College.^[65]:66 Cash often performed at Billy Graham Crusades. At a Tallahassee Crusade in 1986, June and Johnny sang his song, 'One of These Days I'm Gonna Sit Down And Talk To Paul.' ^[130] At a notable performance in Arkansas in 1989, Johnny Cash spoke to attendees of his commitment to the salvation of drug dealers and alcoholics. He then sang, 'Family Bible'.^[131]

He made a spoken-word recording of the entire New King James Version of the New Testament.^[132][133] Cash declared he was 'the biggest sinner of them all', and viewed himself overall as a complicated and contradictory man.^[134][e] Accordingly,^[f] Cash is said to have 'contained multitudes,' and has been deemed 'the philosopher-prince of American country music.'^[138][139]

Cash is credited with having converted actor and singer John Schneider to Christianity.^[140]

Legacy[edit]

Cash's daughter Rosanne (by first wife Vivian Liberto) and his son John Carter Cash (by June Carter Cash) are notable musicians in their own right.

Cash nurtured and defended artists (such as Bob Dylan^[46]) on the fringes of what was acceptable in country music even while serving as the country music establishment's most visible symbol. At an all-star concert which aired in 1999 on TNT, a diverse group of artists paid him tribute, including Dylan, Chris Isaak, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Kris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson, Dom DeLuise, and U2. Cash himself appeared at the end and performed for the first time in more than a year. Two tribute albums were released shortly before his death; Kindred Spirits contains works from established artists, while Dressed in Black contains works from many lesser-known musicians.

In total, he wrote over 1,000 songs and released dozens of albums. A box set titled Unearthed was issued posthumously. It included four CDs of unreleased material recorded with Rubin, as well as a Best of Cash on American retrospective CD. The set also includes a 104-page book that discusses each track and features one of Cash's final interviews.^[141]

In 1999, Cash received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cash number 31 on their '100 Greatest Artists of All Time' list^[142][143] and No. 21 on their '100 Greatest Singers' list in 2010.^[144] In 2012, Rolling Stone ranked Cash's 1968 live album At Folsom Prison and 1994 studio album American Recordings at No. 88^[145] and No. 366^[146] in its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

In recognition of his lifelong support of SOS Children's Villages, his family invited friends and fans to donate to the Johnny Cash Memorial Fund in his memory. He had a personal link with the SOS village in Diessen, at the Ammersee Lake in Southern Germany, near where he was stationed as a GI, and with the SOS village in Barrett Town, by Montego Bay, near his holiday home in Jamaica.^[147][148]

In January 2006, Cash's lakeside home on Caudill Drive in Hendersonville was sold to Bee Gees vocalist Barry Gibb and wife Linda for $2.3 million. On April 10, 2007, during major renovation works carried out for Gibb, a fire broke out at the house, spreading quickly due to a flammable wood preservative that had been used. The building was completely destroyed.^[149]

One of Cash's final collaborations with producer Rick Rubin, American V: A Hundred Highways, was released posthumously on July 4, 2006. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard Top 200 album chart for the week ending July 22, 2006. On February 23, 2010, three days before what would have been Cash's 78th birthday, the Cash Family, Rick Rubin, and Lost Highway Records released his second posthumous record, titled American VI: Ain't No Grave.

The main street in Hendersonville, Tennessee, Highway 31E, is known as 'Johnny Cash Parkway'.^[150] The Johnny Cash Museum, located in one of Cash's properties in Hendersonville until 2006, dubbed the House of Cash, was sold based on Cash's will. Prior to this, having been closed for a number of years, the museum had been featured in Cash's music video for 'Hurt'. The house subsequently burned down during the renovation by the new owner. A new museum, founded by Shannon and Bill Miller, opened April 26, 2013, in downtown Nashville.^[151]

On November 2–4, 2007, the Johnny Cash Flower Pickin' Festival was held in Starkville, Mississippi, where Cash had been arrested more than 40 years earlier and held overnight at the city jail on May 11, 1965. The incident inspired Cash to write the song 'Starkville City Jail'. The festival, where he was offered a symbolic posthumous pardon, honored Cash's life and music, and was expected to become an annual event.^[152]

JC Unit One, Johnny Cash's private tour bus from 1980 until 2003, was put on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, Ohio, in 2007. The museum offers public tours of the bus on a seasonal basis (it is stored during the winter and not exhibited during those times).^[153]

A limited-editionForever stamp honoring Cash went on sale June 5, 2013. The stamp features a promotional picture of Cash taken around the 1963 release of 'Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash. The Undertaker used Cash's version of 'Ain't No Grave' at WrestleMania XXVII as his entrance theme.^[154]

On October 14, 2014, the City of Folsom unveiled phase 1 of the Johnny Cash Trail to the public with a dedication and ribbon-cutting ceremony attended by Roseanne Cash. Along the trail, eight larger-than-life public art pieces will tell the story of Johnny Cash, his connection to Folsom Prison, and his epic musical career. The Johnny Cash Trail features art selected by a committee that included Cindy Cash, a 2-acre (0.81 ha) Legacy Park, and over 3 miles (4.8 km) of multiuse class-I bike trail. The artists responsible for the sculptures are Sacramento-based Romo Studios, LLC and the Fine Art Studio of Rotblatt Amrany, from Illinois.^[155]

In 2015, a new species of black tarantula was identified near Folsom Prison and named Aphonopelma johnnycashi in his honor.

In 2016, the Nashville SoundsMinor League Baseball team added the 'Country Legends Race' to its between-innings entertainment. At the middle of the fifth inning, people in oversized foam caricature costumes depicting Cash, as well as George Jones, Reba McEntire, and Dolly Parton, race around the warning track at First Tennessee Park from center field to the home plate side of the first base dugout.^[156]

The Johnny Cash Heritage Festival was held in Dyess, Arkansas, on October 19–21, 2017.^[157] It will build on the music festival held for four years on the Arkansas State University campus in Jonesboro. The festival honors Johnny Cash and explores the New Deal programs that shaped his childhood in Dyess. The festival includes a concert in the field adjacent to the Cash home and Arkansas roots music in the Colony Circle.

On February 8, 2018, the album Forever Words was announced, putting music to poems that Cash had written and which were published in book form in 2016.^[158]

Johnny Cash's boyhood home in Dyess was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 2018, as 'Farm No. 266, Johnny Cash Boyhood Home.'^[25]

The Arkansas Country Music Awards honored Johnny Cash's legacy with the Lifetime Achievement award on June 3, 2018. The ceremony was held that same date, which was a Monday night at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock in Little Rock, Arkansas. The nominations took place in early 2018.^[159][160]

In 2019, Sheryl Crow released a duet with Cash on her song 'Redemption Day' for her final album Threads. Crow, who had originally written and recorded the song in 1996, recorded new vocals and added them to those of Cash, who recorded the song for his American VI: Ain't No Grave album.^[161]

Portrayals[edit]

Country singer Mark Collie portrayed Cash in John Lloyd Miller's award-winning 1999 short film I Still Miss Someone.

In November 2005, Walk the Line, a biographical film about Cash's life, was released in the United States to considerable commercial success and critical acclaim. The film featured Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny (for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor) and Reese Witherspoon as June (for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress). Phoenix and Witherspoon also won the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy and Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, respectively. They both performed their own vocals in the film (with their version of 'Jackson' being released as a single), and Phoenix learned to play guitar for the role. Phoenix received a Grammy Award for his contributions to the soundtrack. John Carter Cash, the son of Johnny and June, served as an executive producer.

On March 12, 2006, Ring of Fire, a jukebox musical of the Cash oeuvre, debuted on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theater, but closed due to harsh reviews and disappointing sales on April 30. Million Dollar Quartet, a musical portraying the early Sun recording sessions involving Cash, Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and Carl Perkins, debuted on Broadway on April 11, 2010. Actor Lance Guest portrayed Cash. The musical was nominated for three awards at the 2010 Tony Awards and won one.

Robert Hilburn, veteran Los Angeles Times pop music critic, the journalist who accompanied Cash in his 1968 Folsom prison tour, and interviewed Cash many times throughout his life including months before his death, published a 688-page biography with 16 pages of photographs in 2013.^[162] The meticulously reported biography is said to have filled in the 80% of Cash's life that was unknown, including details about Cash's battles with addiction and infidelity.^[163][53] The book reportedly does not hold back any details about the darker side of Johnny Cash and includes details about his affair with his pregnant wife June Carter's sister.^[164]

Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Lyrics

Awards and honors[edit]

Cash received multiple Country Music Association Awards, Grammys, and other awards, in categories ranging from vocal and spoken performances to album notes and videos. In a career that spanned almost five decades, Cash was the personification of country music to many people around the world. Cash was a musician who was not defined by a single genre. He recorded songs that could be considered rock and roll, blues, rockabilly, folk, and gospel, and exerted an influence on each of those genres.

His diversity was evidenced by his presence in five major music halls of fame: the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame (1977), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1980), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1992), GMA's Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2010). and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame (2013).^[165][166] Cash was the only country music artist inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a 'performer,' unlike the other country members, who were inducted as 'early influences.'

His contributions to the genre have been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame.^[167] Cash received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1996 and stated that his induction into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1980 was his greatest professional achievement. In 2001, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.^[168] 'Hurt' was nominated for six VMAs at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The only VMA the video won was that for Best Cinematography. With the video, Johnny Cash became the oldest artist ever nominated for an MTV Video Music Award.^[169]Justin Timberlake, who won Best Video that year for 'Cry Me a River', said in his acceptance speech: 'This is a travesty! I demand a recount. My grandfather raised me on Johnny Cash, and I think he deserves this more than any of us in here tonight.'^[170]

Discography[edit]

Studio albums[edit]

• Johnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar! (1957)
• Johnny Cash Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous (1958)
• The Fabulous Johnny Cash (1958)
• Greatest! (1959)
• Hymns by Johnny Cash (1959)
• Songs of Our Soil (1959)
• Ride This Train (1960)
• Johnny Cash Sings Hank Williams (1960)
• Now, There Was a Song! (1960)
• Now Here's Johnny Cash (1961)
• Hymns from the Heart (1962)
• The Sound of Johnny Cash (1962)
• All Aboard the Blue Train with Johnny Cash (1962)
• Blood, Sweat and Tears (1963)
• The Christmas Spirit (1963)
• Keep on the Sunny Side(with the Carter Family) (1964)
• I Walk the Line (1964)
• Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian (1964)
• Original Sun Sounds of Johnny Cash (1964)
• Orange Blossom Special (1965)
• Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West (1965)
• Everybody Loves a Nut (1966)
• Happiness Is You (1966)
• Carryin' On with Johnny Cash & June Carter(with June Carter) (1967)
• From Sea to Shining Sea (1968)
• The Holy Land (1969)
• Hello, I'm Johnny Cash (1970)
• Man in Black (1971)
• A Thing Called Love (1972)
• America: A 200-Year Salute in Story and Song (1972)
• The Johnny Cash Family Christmas (1972)
• Any Old Wind That Blows (1973)
• Johnny Cash and His Woman(with June Carter Cash) (1973)
• Ragged Old Flag (1974)
• The Junkie and the Juicehead Minus Me (1974)
• The Johnny Cash Children's Album (1975)
• Johnny Cash Sings Precious Memories (1975)
• John R. Cash (1975)
• Look at Them Beans (1975)
• One Piece at a Time (1976)
• The Last Gunfighter Ballad (1977)
• The Rambler (1977)
• I Would Like to See You Again (1978)
• Gone Girl (1978)
• Silver (1979)
• A Believer Sings the Truth (1979)
• Rockabilly Blues (1980)
• Classic Christmas (1980)
• The Baron (1981)
• The Adventures of Johnny Cash (1982)
• Johnny 99 (1983)
• Highwayman(with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1985)
• Rainbow (1985)
• Class of '55(with Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis & Carl Perkins) (1986)
• Heroes(with Waylon Jennings) (1986)
• Believe in Him (1986)
• Johnny Cash Is Coming to Town (1987)
• Classic Cash (1988)
• Water from the Wells of Home (1988)
• Highwayman 2(with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1990)
• Boom Chicka Boom (1990)
• The Mystery of Life (1991)
• American Recordings (1994)
• The Road Goes on Forever(with Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson & Kris Kristofferson) (1995)
• American II: Unchained (1996)
• American III: Solitary Man (2000)
• American IV: The Man Comes Around (2002)
• My Mother's Hymn Book (2004)
• American V: A Hundred Highways (2006)
• American VI: Ain't No Grave (2010)
• Out Among the Stars (2014)

Filmography[edit]

Published works[edit]

• Man in Black: His Own Story in His Own Words, Zondervan, 1975; ISBN99924-31-58-X
• Man in White, a novel about the Apostle Paul, HarperCollins, 1986; ISBN0-06-250132-1
• Cash: The Autobiography, with Patrick Carr, HarperCollins, 1997; ISBN978-0-06-101357-7^[173]
• Johnny Cash Reads the New Testament, Thomas Nelson, 2011; ISBN978-1-4185-4883-4^[174]
• Recollections by Johnny Cash, edited by daughter Tara, 2014; ISBN978-0-930677-03-9
• The Man Who Carried Cash: Saul Holiff, Johnny Cash, and the Making of an American Icon by Julie Chadwick, Dundurn Press, 2017; ISBN978-1-459737-23-5

Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Inmate

See also[edit]

Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Break

Notes[edit]

Folsom State Prison Johnny Cash

1. ^Although Cash's voice type endured over the years, his timbre changed noticeably: 'Through a recording career that stretches back to 1955', Pareles writes, Cash's 'bass-baritone voice has gone from gravelly to grave'.^[5]
2. ^For Cash, black stage attire was a 'symbol of rebellion—against a stagnant status quo, against .. hypocritical houses of God, against people whose minds are closed to others' ideas'.^[10]
3. ^ Schultz refers to this phrase as Cash's 'trademark greeting,' and places his utterance of this line, on Cash's At Folsom Prison album, 'among the most electrifying [seconds] in the history of concert recording.'^[11]
4. ^Other appraisals of Cash's iconic value have been even bolder.^[122]
5. ^Urbanski^[135] notes that Cash's habit of performing in black attire began in a church. In the following paragraph, he^[136] quotes Cash^[10] as indicating that this habit was partially reflective of Cash's rebellion 'against our hypocritical houses of God.
6. ^According to Urbanski, Cash's self-perception was accurate: 'He never intended to be categorized or pigeonholed', and indeed he amassed a 'cluster of enigmas' which 'was so impenetrably deep that even those closest to him never got to see every part of him'.^[137]

References[edit]

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5. ^ ^abcPareles, Jon (September 16, 1994). 'Pop Review; Johnny Cash, Austerely Direct From Deep Within'. New York Times. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
6. ^Urbanski 2003, p. xiv.
7. ^Dickie, M. (2002) [1987]. 'Hard talk from the God-fearin', pro-metal man in Black'. In Streissguth, M. (ed.). Ring of fire: The Johnny Cash reader. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo. pp. 201–205. ISBN9780306811227.
8. ^ ^abcdStreissguth, M. (2006). Johnny Cash: a biography. Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo. p. 196. ISBN9780306813689.
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Bibliography[edit]

• Clapp, R (2008), Johnny Cash and the great American contradiction: Christianity and the battle for the soul of a nation, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox, ISBN978-0-664-23657-1.
• Gross, Terry (2004). All I Did Was Ask: Conversations with Writers, Actors, Musicians, and Artists (hardcover ed.). Hachette.
• Miller, Stephen (2003), Johnny Cash: The Life of an American Icon, Omnibus, ISBN978-0-7119-9626-7.
• Streissguth, Michael (2004). Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: The Making of a Masterpiece (hardcover ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN978-0-306-81338-2..
• Streissguth, Michael (2005) [2004]. Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison: The Making of a Masterpiece (paprback ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. ISBN978-0-306-81453-2..
• Turner, Stephen (2004), The Man Called Cash: The Life, Love, and Faith of an American Legend, Nashville, TN: W Publishing, ISBN978-0-8499-1820-9.
• Urbanski, David (2003), The Man Comes Around: The Spiritual Journey of Johnny Cash, New York, NY: Relevant Books, ISBN978-0-9729276-7-3.

Further reading[edit]

• Jonathan Silverman, Nine Choices: Johnny Cash and American Culture, Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2010, ISBN1-55849-826-5
• Graeme Thomson, The Resurrection of Johnny Cash: Hurt, Redemption, and American Recordings, Jawbone Press, ISBN978-1-906002-36-7
• Christopher S. Wren, Johnny Cash: Winners Got Scars, Too, Abacus Editions, ISBN0-349-13740-4
• Robert Hilburn, Johnny Cash: The Life, Back Bay Books, New York: Little Brown and Company, 2013, ISBN978-0-316-19474-7(pb)
• D'Ambrosio, Antonino (2009). A Heartbeat and A Guitar: Johnny Cash and the Making of Bitter Tears. Perseus Books/Nation Books. ISBN978-1-56858-407-2.

External links[edit]

Johnny Cash Plays At Folsom Prison Roster

• Official website
• 'Candidates – Inductee Johnny Cash'. Hit Parade Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on January 6, 2008..
• Johnny Cash at AllMusic
• Johnny Cash on IMDb
• 'Johnny Cash'. Find a Grave. Retrieved November 30, 2013.

The Clash Debut Album